They discovered that the amplitude of the evoked response by intense high-frequency sounds permanently decreased despite the preserved pure-tone thresholds. They conducted cochlear functional assays and confocal imaging of the inner ear of mice with transient noise-induced hearing loss. Hidden hearing loss is a pathological condition reported by Kujawa and Liberman. Recently, auditory afferent disorders have become the focus of research. Since auditory thresholds are highly influenced by the function of the outer hair cells, these tests mainly evaluate auditory efferent function, and auditory afferent disorder has long been neglected except for profound sensorineural hearing loss requiring cochlear implantation. Most of these tests are designed to measure auditory thresholds. Hearing disorders are usually evaluated using auditory tests, including pure-tone audiometry, auditory brainstem response, and otoacoustic emission. In addition to its negative effect on communication, hearing disorders are a serious risk factor for dementia. Hearing disorders are among the most prevalent disabilities. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.ĭistortion product otoacoustic emission TEN, This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the Supporting Information files.įunding: This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI (grant number JP22K09748). Received: JanuAccepted: JPublished: July 6, 2023Ĭopyright: © 2023 Hiraumi et al. PLoS ONE 18(7):Įditor: Antonino Maniaci, University of Catania, ITALY Alternately, see our generic, "quick start" guide: Entering Data in SPSS Statistics.Citation: Hiraumi H, Oikawa S-i, Shiga K, Sato H (2023) Systemic cisplatin increases the number of patients showing positive off-frequency masking audiometry. In our enhanced chi-square test for independence guide, we show you how to correctly enter data in SPSS Statistics to run a chi-square test for independence. In SPSS Statistics, we created two variables so that we could enter our data: Gender and Preferred_Learning_Medium. Therefore, we have two nominal variables: Gender (male/female) and Preferred Learning Medium (online/books). An educator would like to know whether gender (male/female) is associated with the preferred type of learning medium (online vs. However, different people learn in different ways. With current technology, it is possible to present how-to guides for statistical programs online instead of in a book. SPSS Statistics ExampleĮducators are always looking for novel ways in which to teach statistics to undergraduates as part of a non-statistics degree course (e.g., psychology). First, we introduce the example that is used in this guide. In the section, Procedure, we illustrate the SPSS Statistics procedure to perform a chi-square test for independence. Example independent variables that meet this criterion include gender (2 groups: Males and Females), ethnicity (e.g., 3 groups: Caucasian, African American and Hispanic), physical activity level (e.g., 4 groups: sedentary, low, moderate and high), profession (e.g., 5 groups: surgeon, doctor, nurse, dentist, therapist), and so forth.
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